Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment through 3 Minutes Step Test in Adults of Lahore during COVID-19 Pandemic

Authors

  • Ali Raza Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Sajjad Ali Sajjad ABWA College of Physical Therapy, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • Arif Ali Rana Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Arshia Ijaz Department of Physical Therapy, Rehab 92, Health City Hospital, WAPDA Town Lahore, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Asif Department of Physical Therapy, Royal Institute of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Abdullah Zulfiqar Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/tt.v2i2.28

Keywords:

COVID-19, Pandemic, Aerobic Capacity, Cardiac Fitness, Middle-Aged

Abstract

At the end of the year, 2019 world witnessed a disease, which is still affecting the world, this disease was named Corona Virus Disease -19 (COVID-19). It is a highly infectious disease that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Objective: To find out the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiac fitness of young and middle-aged adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at ON-Campus Physiotherapy Clinic at University of Management and Technology, Lahore. Convenient sampling was used. The sample size was 437. Healthy participants from both genders aging 17-45 years were recruited in the study. A self-designed questionnaire validated through a pilot study was used to record the data. Three minutes step test was performed and pre and post-test Cardiac rate were recorded. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows was used to record and analyze all data. Results: Results showed that the female participants were 271 (59.7%) while males were 176(41.3%), young adults proportion was 76% while middle-aged adults was 24%.The overall results of the post-test 3-minutes step test show that a majority of the population30.7 % (n=134) had excellent cardiac rate, a good proportion of the sample had the same value for  Good and above-average cardiac rates (f=22.4 %,  n= 98)  while fewer number participants fall in rest of the categories such as average, below average, poor and very poor ( 12. %, 7.1%, 3.0 %, 2.3 %) respectively. Conclusions: The study concluded that the overall cardiac capacity of young and older adults is not affected by the pandemic but the females have a better cardiac condition as compared to men.

References

Crameri GAG, Bielecki M, Züst R, Buehrer TW, Stanga Z and Deuel JW. Reduced maximal aerobic capacity after COVID-19 in young adult recruits, Switzerland, May 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(36):2001542. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.2001542.

Ali M, de Azevedo AR, Marvila MT, Khan MI, Memon AM and Masood F et al. The influence of COVID-19-induced daily activities on health parameters—a case study in Malaysia. 2021;13(13):7465. DOI: 10.3390/su13137465.

Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MR and Rezaei N. The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe?. Life Sci. 2020;256:117900. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900.

Gasmi A, Noor S, Tippairote T, Dadar M, Menzel A and Bjørklund G. Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Immunol. 2020;215:108409. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108409.

Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L and Tong Y et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.

Sethi BA, Sethi A, Ali S and Aamir HS. Impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on health professionals. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(COVID19-S4):S6-S11. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2779.

Mucci F, Mucci N and Diolaiuti F. Lockdown and Isolation: Psychological Aspects of Covid-19 Pandemic in the General Population. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2020;17(2):63-64. doi: 10.36131/CN20200205.

Beato-Víbora PI. RETRACTED: No deleterious effect of lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic on glycaemic control, measured by glucose monitoring, in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020. doi: 10.1089/dia.2020.0184.

Karnon J. A Simple Decision Analysis of a Mandatory Lockdown Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2020;18(3):329-331. doi:10.1007/s40258-020-00581-w.

Stockwell S, Trott M, Tully M, Shin J, Barnett Y and Butler L et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(1):e000960. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960.

McGavock JM, Anderson TJ and Lewanczuk RZ. Sedentary lifestyle and antecedents of cardiovascular disease in young adults. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(7):701-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.01.013.

Nabi T, Rafiq N and Qayoom O. Assessment of cardiovascular fitness [VO2 max] among medical students by Queens College step test. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance. 2015;6(5):418-21. doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v6i5.1965.

Pimentel AE, Gentile CL, Tanaka H, Seals DR and Gates PE. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;94(6):2406-13. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00774.2002.

Syamsudin F, Wungu CDK, Qurnianingsih E and Herawati L. High-intensity interval training for improving maximum aerobic capacity in women with sedentary lifestyle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Physical Education and Sport ®. 2021;21(4):1788-97. doi:10.7752/jpes.2021.04226.

Miao B, Hernandez AV, Roman YM, Alberts MJ, Coleman CI and Baker WL. Four-year incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(5):524-531. doi: 10.1002/clc.23344.

Gallagher D, Terenzi T and de Meersman R. Heart rate variability in smokers, sedentary and aerobically fit individuals. Clin Auton Res. 1992;2(6):383-7. doi: 10.1007/BF01831395.

Hurwitz BE, Coryell VT, Parker M, Martin P, Laperriere A and Klimas NG et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: illness severity, sedentary lifestyle, blood volume and evidence of diminished cardiac function. Clin Sci (Lond). 2009;118(2):125-35. doi: 10.1042/CS20090055.

Moreno-Camacho CA, Montoya-Torres JR, Jaegler A and Gondran N. Sustainability metrics for real case applications of the supply chain network design problem: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;231:600-18. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.278.

Bhat D and V.K.Patil. Human Age Group Classification Using Facial Features. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research. 2016;3.

Adams R. Revised Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. Can Fam Physician. 1999;45:992, 995, 1004-5.

Rao AV, Phadke AV, Patil PB and Joshi AR. Comparison of non-exercise test and step test in estimation of aerobic capacity (VO2max) in young adults. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014;4(3):218-20. doi:10.5455/njppp.2014.4.150420141.

Ishiko T. Aerobic capacity and external criteria of performance. Can Med Assoc J. 1967;96(12):746-751.

Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR Jr and Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA. 2003;290(23):3092-100. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.23.3092.

Bruce RA. Methods of exercise testing. Step test, bicycle, treadmill, isometrics. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33(6):715-20. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(74)90211-2.

Bruce RA and McDonough JR. Stress testing in screening for cardiovascular disease. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1969;45(12):1288.

Hingorjo MR, Zehra S, Hasan Z and Qureshi MA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with adiposity indices in young adults. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(3):659-664. doi: 10.12669/pjms.333.12294.

Cooney JK, Moore JP, Ahmad YA, Jones JG, Lemmey AB and Casanova F et al. A simple step test to estimate cardio-respiratory fitness levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients in a clinical setting. Int J Rheumatol. 2013;2013:174541. doi: 10.1155/2013/174541.

Petrella RJ, Koval JJ, Cunningham DA and Paterson DH. A self-paced step test to predict aerobic fitness in older adults in the primary care clinic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(5):632-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49124.x.

Pribis P, Burtnack CA, McKenzie SO and Thayer J. Trends in body fat, body mass index and physical fitness among male and female college students. Nutrients. 2010;2(10):1075-85. doi: 10.3390/nu2101075.

Koju B, Chaudhary S, Shrestha A and Joshi LR. Cardio-respiratory Fitness in Medical Students by Queen’s College Step Test: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Lumbini Medical College. 2019;7(1):29-33. doi.org/10.22502/jlmc.v7i1.268.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-31
CITATION
DOI: 10.54393/tt.v2i2.28
Published: 2021-12-31

How to Cite

Raza, A., Sajjad, S. A., Rana, A. A., Ijaz, A., Asif, M., & Zulfiqar, A. . (2021). Cardiovascular Fitness Assessment through 3 Minutes Step Test in Adults of Lahore during COVID-19 Pandemic. THE THERAPIST (Journal of Therapies &Amp; Rehabilitation Sciences), 2(2), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.54393/tt.v2i2.28

Plaudit